List of copper alloys

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Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-Sumerian foundation figure of Gudea, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day Iraq, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. Of the large number of different types, the best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms. Latten is a further term, mostly used for coins with a very high copper content. Today the term "copper alloy" tends to be substituted for all of these, especially by museums.[1]

Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world (globally 70 parts per million), and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal. By contrast, tin is relatively rare (2 parts per million), and in Europe and the Mediterranean region, even in prehistoric times, it had to be traded considerable distances and was expensive, sometimes virtually unobtainable. Zinc is even more common at 75 parts per million but is harder to extract from its ores. Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive, and the proportion of tin was often reduced to save cost. The discovery and exploitation of the Bolivian tin belt in the 19th century made tin far cheaper, although forecasts for future supplies are less positive.

There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys.

Composition

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The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the Bronze Age, are vaguer, as the mixtures were generally variable.

Classification of copper and its alloys
FamilyPrincipal alloying elementUNS numbers
Copper alloys, brassZinc (Zn)C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800
Phosphor bronzeTin (Sn)C5xxxx
Aluminium bronzesAluminium (Al)C60600–C64200
Silicon bronzesSilicon (Si)C64700–C66100
Cupronickel, nickel silversNickel (Ni)C7xxxx
Mechanical properties of common copper alloys[2]
NameNominal composition (percentages)Form and conditionYield strength (0.2% offset, ksi)Tensile strength (ksi)Elongation in 2 inches (percent)Hardness (Brinell scale)Comments
Copper (ASTM B1, B2, B3, B152, B124, R133)Cu 99.9Annealed10324542Electrical equipment, roofing, screens
Cold-drawn40451590
Cold-rolled40465100
Gilding metal (ASTM B36)Cu 95.0, Zn 5.0Cold-rolled50565114Coins, bullet jackets
Cartridge brass (ASTM B14, B19, B36, B134, B135)Cu 70.0, Zn 30.0Cold-rolled63768155Good for cold-working; radiators, hardware, electrical, drawn cartridge cases.
Phosphor bronze (ASTM B103, B139, B159)Cu 89.75, Sn 10.0, P 0.25Spring temper—1224241High fatigue-strength and spring qualities
Yellow or High brass (ASTM B36, B134, B135)Cu 65.0, Zn 35.0Annealed18486055Good corrosion resistance
Cold-drawn557015115
Cold-rolled (HT)607410180
Manganese bronze (ASTM 138)Cu 58.5, Zn 39.2, Fe 1.0, Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3Annealed30603095Forgings
Cold-drawn508020180
Naval brass (ASTM B21)Cu 60.0, Zn 39.25, Sn 0.75Annealed22564090Resistance to salt corrosion
Cold-drawn406535150
Muntz metal (ASTM B111)Cu 60.0, Zn 40.0Annealed20544580Condenser tubes
Aluminium bronze (ASTM B169 alloy A, B124, B150)Cu 92.0, Al 8.0Annealed25706080—
Hard651057210
Beryllium copper (ASTM B194, B196, B197)Cu 97.75, Be 2.0, Co or Ni 0.25Annealed, solution-treated327045B60 (Rockwell)Electrical, valves, pumps, oilfield tools, aerospace landing gears, robotic welding, mold making [3]
Cold-rolled1041105B81 (Rockwell)
Free-cutting brassCu 62.0, Zn 35.5, Pb 2.5Cold-drawn447018B80 (Rockwell)Screws, nuts, gears, keys
Nickel silver (ASTM B122)Cu 65.0, Zn 17.0, Ni 18.0Annealed25584070Hardware
Cold-rolled70854170
Nickel silver (ASTM B149)Cu 76.5, Ni 12.5, Pb 9.0, Sn 2.0Cast18351555Easy to machine; ornaments, plumbing [4]
Cupronickel (ASTM B111, B171)Cu 88.35, Ni 10.0, Fe 1.25, Mn 0.4Annealed224445–Condenser, salt-water pipes
Cold-drawn tube576015–
CupronickelCu 70.0, Ni 30.0Wrought––––Heat-exchange equipment, valves
Ounce metal[5] Copper alloy C83600 (also known as "Red brass" or "composition metal") (ASTM B62)Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0Cast17372560—
Gunmetal (known as "red brass" in US)Varies Cu 80-90%, Zn <5%, Sn ~10%, +other elements@ <1%
Mechanical properties of Copper Development Association (CDA) copper alloys[6]
FamilyCDATensile strength [ksi]Yield strength [ksi]Elongation (typ.) [%]Hardness
[Brinell 10 mm-500 kg]		Machinability [YB = 100]
Min.Typ.Min.Typ.
Red brass8333210353535
836303714173050–6584
838293512162550–6090
Semi-red brass844293413152650–6090
848253612143050–6090
Manganese bronze8629095454820170–195†30
863110119608318225†8
8656571252830130†26
Tin bronze903404518213060–7530
90540451822257530
90735441822208020
Leaded tin bronze922344016203060–7242
923364016202560–7542
926404418203065–8040
927354221207745
High-leaded tin bronze932303514182060–7070
9342532162055–6570
935253212163055–6570
936333016211579-8380
937253512182055–7080
938253014161850–6080
9432127131042–5580
Aluminium bronze9526580252735110–140†50
9536575252725140†55
9547585303518140–170†60
95590100404412180–200†50
9588595353825150-170†50
Silicon bronze878808330372911540
† Brinell scale with 3000 kg load
Comparison of copper alloy standards[6]
FamilyCDAASTMSAESAE supersededFederalMilitary
Red brass833
836B145-83683640QQ-C-390 (B5)C-2229 Gr2
838B145-838838QQ-C-390 (B4)
Semi-red brass844B145-844QQ-C-390 (B2)
848B145-848QQ-C-390 (B1)
Manganese bronze862B147-862862430AQQ-C-390 (C4)C-2229 Gr9
863B147-863863430BQQ-C-390 (C7)C-2229 Gr8
865B147-86586543QQ-C-390 (C3)C-2229 Gr7
Tin bronze903B143-903903620QQ-C-390 (D5)C-2229 Gr1
905B143-90590562QQ-C-390 (D6)
90790765
Leaded tin bronze922B143-922922622QQ-C-390 (D4)B-16541
923B143-923923621QQ-C-390 (D3)C-15345 Gr10
926926
92792763
High-leaded tin bronze932B144-932932660QQ-C-390 (E7)C-15345 Gr12
934QQ-C-390 (E8)C-22229 Gr3
935B144-93593566QQ-C-390 (E9)
937B144-93793764QQ-C-390 (E10)
938B144-93893867QQ-C-390 (E6)
943B144-943943QQ-C-390 (E1)
Aluminium bronze952B148-95295268AQQ-C-390 (G6)C-22229 Gr5
953B148-95395368BQQ-C-390 (G7)
954B148-954954QQ-C-390 (G5)C-15345 Gr13
955B148-955955QQ-C-390 (G3)C-22229 Gr8
958QQ-C-390 (G8)
Silicon bronze878B30878

The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys.

Chemical composition of copper alloys[6][7]
FamilyCDAAMSUNSCu [%]Sn [%]Pb [%]Zn [%]Ni [%]Fe [%]Al [%]Other [%]
Red brass833C83300931.51.54
C83400[8]9010
8364855BC8360085555
838C8380083467
Semi-red brass844C8440081379
845C84500783712
848C84800763615
Manganese bronzeC86100[9]670.52135Mn 4
862†C86200642634Mn 3
863†4862BC86300632536Mn 3
8654860AC86500580.539.511Mn 0.25
Tin bronze903C903008884
9054845DC9050088100.3 max2
907C9070089110.5 max0.5 max
Leaded tin bronze922C922008861.54.5
923C923008781 max4
9264846AC92600871012
927C92700881020.7 max
High-leaded tin bronze932C9320083773
934C9340084880.7 max
935C93500855910.5 max
9374842AC937008010100.7 max
938C93800787150.75 max
9434840AC94300705250.7 max
Aluminium bronze952C952008839
953C9520089110
9544870B
4872B		C9540085411
C95410[10]85411Ni 2
955C95500814411
C95600[11]917Si 2
C95700[12]75238Mn 12
958C9580081549Mn 1
Silicon bronzeC87200[13]89Si 4
C87400[14]8314Si 3
C87500[15]8214Si 4
C87600[16]905.5Si 4.5
878C87800[17]8014Si 4
C87900[18]6534Si 1
† Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties

Brasses

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Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-ehttps://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusi/cusi.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes
Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes
Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/al-elem/alcu/alcu.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
Binary Cu Sn phase diagram
Binary Cu Sn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusn/cusn.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
Cu Zn binary phase diagram. Base phase diagram for brasses
Binary Cu Zn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for brasses, generated using NIMS Open database https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cu_index.htm  Cu-Zn - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
Main article: Brass

Brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in color. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease the corrosion resistance of copper.

Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (dezincification), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.

Bronzes

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Main article: Bronze

A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also alumnium and silicon.

Precious metal alloys

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Copper is often alloyed with precious metals like gold (Au) and silver (Ag).

NameCu [%]Au [%]Ag [%]Other [%]
Auricupride††
Ashtadhatu†††Fe†, Hg†, Sn†, Zn†
Billon††Hg†
Chinese silver58217.5 Zn, 11.5 Ni,
Corinthian bronze†††
CuSil2872
Dymalloy2080C (type I diamond)
Electrum, Green gold6-2375-800-150-4 Cd
Grey gold††Mn†
Guanín255618
Hepatizon†tracetrace
Niello††Pb sulfides†
Panchaloha†††Fe†, Sn†, Pb†, Zn†,
Rose, red, and pink gold20-5050-750-5
Spangold18-19765-6 Al
Shakudō90-964-10
Shibuichi40-770-123-60
Tibetan silver††Ni†, Sn†
Tumbaga3-973-97
White gold††Ni†, Zn†

† amount unspecified

High temperature copper alloys

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Copper alloys that are resilient at high temperatures and maintain mechanical properties are used in many applications such as heat exchangers, castings, and rocket engines. Copper alloys typically have very high thermal conductivities compared to other structural alloys which give them an advantage when large heat fluxes are involved, as they are better at dissipating heat.[21][22][23] But copper’s melting point is 1085 Celsius, which is lower than most structural alloys. Therefore, to make use of coppers excellent thermal properties at high temperatures, creep needs to be considered. Creep deformation occurs in materials at relatively high stresses and temperatures. It can dominate as a deformation mechanism in materials above ~0.35 of the melting temperature,[24] so designing against it is critical for high temperature applications.  The working temperatures of high temperature copper alloys are up to 700 Celsius.[22][23] Most of the leading high temperature copper alloys rely on oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS) or precipitation hardening (PH).[21] Some alloys use different methods however, such as alloy, GRCop-84, which takes advantage of intermetallic compounds that form, in its microstructure. These precipitates pin the grains and inhibit grain boundary sliding.[22] The advantage of ODS strengthening is that the oxides will not coarsen during temperature aging while PH alloys will, and the strengthening will be lost.[21] In all cases, the goal of the strengthening mechanisms are to slow down creep deformation, and the various mechanisms that contribute to it such as dislocation glide, dislocation glide, and vacancy diffusion. Some examples of how these strengthening mechanisms work are by increasing the activation energy needed for lattice and grain boundary diffusion, introducing a threshold stress needed to climb or shear particles in matrix, or by pinning grains which inhibits grain boundary sliding.[25][21][23][22] Other factors to be considered at high temperature are oxidation and thermomechanical fatigue which may contribute material degradation.[21][22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"
  2. ^ Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.) Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering, Elsevier, 2006
  3. ^ National Bronze & Metals | Beryllium Copper
  4. ^ Lewis Brass & Company | Copper Alloy Data Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Cast copper alloy C83600 (Ounce Metal) substech.com
  6. ^ a b c Industrial Investment Castings - Franklin Bronze, retrieved 2009-09-07.
  7. ^ Brass and Bronze Alloys, archived from the original on 2009-08-25, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  8. ^ UNS C83400, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  9. ^ UNS C86100, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  10. ^ UNS C95410, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  11. ^ UNS C95600, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  12. ^ UNS C95700, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  13. ^ UNS C87200, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  14. ^ UNS C87400, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  15. ^ UNS C87500, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  16. ^ UNS C87600, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  17. ^ UNS C87800, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  18. ^ UNS C87900, retrieved 2009-09-08.
  19. ^ "Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202".
  20. ^ Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals, ISBN 978-0-87170-691-1
  21. ^ a b c d e Li, G., Thomas, B. G., & Stubbins, J. F. (2000). Modeling Creep and Fatigue of Copper Alloys. Technical Report, Continuous Casting Consortium, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Available online.
  22. ^ a b c d e Ellis, David L. (2005). GRCop-84: A High-Temperature Copper Alloy for High-Heat-Flux Applications. NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. NASA/TM-2005-213582. Available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050123582/downloads/20050123582.pdf
  23. ^ a b c Broyles, C. E.; Arzt, E.; Kraft, R. W. (1996). "Creep Deformation of Dispersion-Strengthened Copper." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27 (11): 3539–3547. doi:10.1007/BF02649859.
  24. ^ Creep (deformation).” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, last modified [date you accessed]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)
  25. ^ Marquis, E. A.; Dunand, D. C. (2002). “Model for creep threshold stress in precipitation-strengthened alloys with coherent particles.” Scripta Materialia, 47 (8), 503–508. doi:10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00165-3. Northwestern Scholars+1

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L. (1992). Machinery's Handbook (24 ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. p. 501. ISBN 0-8311-2492-X.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_copper_alloys&oldid=1325818597"
    Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-Sumerian foundation figure of Gudea, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day Iraq, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)

    Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. Of the large number of different types, the best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms. Latten is a further term, mostly used for coins with a very high copper content. Today the term "copper alloy" tends to be substituted for all of these, especially by museums.[1]

    Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world (globally 70 parts per million), and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal. By contrast, tin is relatively rare (2 parts per million), and in Europe and the Mediterranean region, even in prehistoric times, it had to be traded considerable distances and was expensive, sometimes virtually unobtainable. Zinc is even more common at 75 parts per million but is harder to extract from its ores. Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive, and the proportion of tin was often reduced to save cost. The discovery and exploitation of the Bolivian tin belt in the 19th century made tin far cheaper, although forecasts for future supplies are less positive.

    There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys.

    Composition

    The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the Bronze Age, are vaguer, as the mixtures were generally variable.

    Classification of copper and its alloys
    FamilyPrincipal alloying elementUNS numbers
    Copper alloys, brassZinc (Zn)C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800
    Phosphor bronzeTin (Sn)C5xxxx
    Aluminium bronzesAluminium (Al)C60600–C64200
    Silicon bronzesSilicon (Si)C64700–C66100
    Cupronickel, nickel silversNickel (Ni)C7xxxx
    Mechanical properties of common copper alloys[2]
    NameNominal composition (percentages)Form and conditionYield strength (0.2% offset, ksi)Tensile strength (ksi)Elongation in 2 inches (percent)Hardness (Brinell scale)Comments
    Copper (ASTM B1, B2, B3, B152, B124, R133)Cu 99.9Annealed10324542Electrical equipment, roofing, screens
    Cold-drawn40451590
    Cold-rolled40465100
    Gilding metal (ASTM B36)Cu 95.0, Zn 5.0Cold-rolled50565114Coins, bullet jackets
    Cartridge brass (ASTM B14, B19, B36, B134, B135)Cu 70.0, Zn 30.0Cold-rolled63768155Good for cold-working; radiators, hardware, electrical, drawn cartridge cases.
    Phosphor bronze (ASTM B103, B139, B159)Cu 89.75, Sn 10.0, P 0.25Spring temper—1224241High fatigue-strength and spring qualities
    Yellow or High brass (ASTM B36, B134, B135)Cu 65.0, Zn 35.0Annealed18486055Good corrosion resistance
    Cold-drawn557015115
    Cold-rolled (HT)607410180
    Manganese bronze (ASTM 138)Cu 58.5, Zn 39.2, Fe 1.0, Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3Annealed30603095Forgings
    Cold-drawn508020180
    Naval brass (ASTM B21)Cu 60.0, Zn 39.25, Sn 0.75Annealed22564090Resistance to salt corrosion
    Cold-drawn406535150
    Muntz metal (ASTM B111)Cu 60.0, Zn 40.0Annealed20544580Condenser tubes
    Aluminium bronze (ASTM B169 alloy A, B124, B150)Cu 92.0, Al 8.0Annealed25706080—
    Hard651057210
    Beryllium copper (ASTM B194, B196, B197)Cu 97.75, Be 2.0, Co or Ni 0.25Annealed, solution-treated327045B60 (Rockwell)Electrical, valves, pumps, oilfield tools, aerospace landing gears, robotic welding, mold making [3]
    Cold-rolled1041105B81 (Rockwell)
    Free-cutting brassCu 62.0, Zn 35.5, Pb 2.5Cold-drawn447018B80 (Rockwell)Screws, nuts, gears, keys
    Nickel silver (ASTM B122)Cu 65.0, Zn 17.0, Ni 18.0Annealed25584070Hardware
    Cold-rolled70854170
    Nickel silver (ASTM B149)Cu 76.5, Ni 12.5, Pb 9.0, Sn 2.0Cast18351555Easy to machine; ornaments, plumbing [4]
    Cupronickel (ASTM B111, B171)Cu 88.35, Ni 10.0, Fe 1.25, Mn 0.4Annealed224445–Condenser, salt-water pipes
    Cold-drawn tube576015–
    CupronickelCu 70.0, Ni 30.0Wrought––––Heat-exchange equipment, valves
    Ounce metal[5] Copper alloy C83600 (also known as "Red brass" or "composition metal") (ASTM B62)Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0Cast17372560—
    Gunmetal (known as "red brass" in US)Varies Cu 80-90%, Zn <5%, Sn ~10%, +other elements@ <1%
    Mechanical properties of Copper Development Association (CDA) copper alloys[6]
    FamilyCDATensile strength [ksi]Yield strength [ksi]Elongation (typ.) [%]Hardness
    [Brinell 10 mm-500 kg]    		Machinability [YB = 100]
    Min.Typ.Min.Typ.
    Red brass8333210353535
    836303714173050–6584
    838293512162550–6090
    Semi-red brass844293413152650–6090
    848253612143050–6090
    Manganese bronze8629095454820170–195†30
    863110119608318225†8
    8656571252830130†26
    Tin bronze903404518213060–7530
    90540451822257530
    90735441822208020
    Leaded tin bronze922344016203060–7242
    923364016202560–7542
    926404418203065–8040
    927354221207745
    High-leaded tin bronze932303514182060–7070
    9342532162055–6570
    935253212163055–6570
    936333016211579-8380
    937253512182055–7080
    938253014161850–6080
    9432127131042–5580
    Aluminium bronze9526580252735110–140†50
    9536575252725140†55
    9547585303518140–170†60
    95590100404412180–200†50
    9588595353825150-170†50
    Silicon bronze878808330372911540
    † Brinell scale with 3000 kg load
    Comparison of copper alloy standards[6]
    FamilyCDAASTMSAESAE supersededFederalMilitary
    Red brass833
    836B145-83683640QQ-C-390 (B5)C-2229 Gr2
    838B145-838838QQ-C-390 (B4)
    Semi-red brass844B145-844QQ-C-390 (B2)
    848B145-848QQ-C-390 (B1)
    Manganese bronze862B147-862862430AQQ-C-390 (C4)C-2229 Gr9
    863B147-863863430BQQ-C-390 (C7)C-2229 Gr8
    865B147-86586543QQ-C-390 (C3)C-2229 Gr7
    Tin bronze903B143-903903620QQ-C-390 (D5)C-2229 Gr1
    905B143-90590562QQ-C-390 (D6)
    90790765
    Leaded tin bronze922B143-922922622QQ-C-390 (D4)B-16541
    923B143-923923621QQ-C-390 (D3)C-15345 Gr10
    926926
    92792763
    High-leaded tin bronze932B144-932932660QQ-C-390 (E7)C-15345 Gr12
    934QQ-C-390 (E8)C-22229 Gr3
    935B144-93593566QQ-C-390 (E9)
    937B144-93793764QQ-C-390 (E10)
    938B144-93893867QQ-C-390 (E6)
    943B144-943943QQ-C-390 (E1)
    Aluminium bronze952B148-95295268AQQ-C-390 (G6)C-22229 Gr5
    953B148-95395368BQQ-C-390 (G7)
    954B148-954954QQ-C-390 (G5)C-15345 Gr13
    955B148-955955QQ-C-390 (G3)C-22229 Gr8
    958QQ-C-390 (G8)
    Silicon bronze878B30878

    The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys.

    Chemical composition of copper alloys[6][7]
    FamilyCDAAMSUNSCu [%]Sn [%]Pb [%]Zn [%]Ni [%]Fe [%]Al [%]Other [%]
    Red brass833C83300931.51.54
    C83400[8]9010
    8364855BC8360085555
    838C8380083467
    Semi-red brass844C8440081379
    845C84500783712
    848C84800763615
    Manganese bronzeC86100[9]670.52135Mn 4
    862†C86200642634Mn 3
    863†4862BC86300632536Mn 3
    8654860AC86500580.539.511Mn 0.25
    Tin bronze903C903008884
    9054845DC9050088100.3 max2
    907C9070089110.5 max0.5 max
    Leaded tin bronze922C922008861.54.5
    923C923008781 max4
    9264846AC92600871012
    927C92700881020.7 max
    High-leaded tin bronze932C9320083773
    934C9340084880.7 max
    935C93500855910.5 max
    9374842AC937008010100.7 max
    938C93800787150.75 max
    9434840AC94300705250.7 max
    Aluminium bronze952C952008839
    953C9520089110
    9544870B
    4872B    		C9540085411
    C95410[10]85411Ni 2
    955C95500814411
    C95600[11]917Si 2
    C95700[12]75238Mn 12
    958C9580081549Mn 1
    Silicon bronzeC87200[13]89Si 4
    C87400[14]8314Si 3
    C87500[15]8214Si 4
    C87600[16]905.5Si 4.5
    878C87800[17]8014Si 4
    C87900[18]6534Si 1
    † Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties

    Brasses

    Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-ehttps://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusi/cusi.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
    Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes
    Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes
    Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/al-elem/alcu/alcu.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
    Binary Cu Sn phase diagram
    Binary Cu Sn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusn/cusn.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
    Cu Zn binary phase diagram. Base phase diagram for brasses
    Binary Cu Zn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for brasses, generated using NIMS Open database https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cu_index.htm  Cu-Zn - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/

    Brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in color. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease the corrosion resistance of copper.

    Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (dezincification), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.

    Bronzes

    A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also alumnium and silicon.

    Precious metal alloys

    Copper is often alloyed with precious metals like gold (Au) and silver (Ag).

    NameCu [%]Au [%]Ag [%]Other [%]
    Auricupride††
    Ashtadhatu†††Fe†, Hg†, Sn†, Zn†
    Billon††Hg†
    Chinese silver58217.5 Zn, 11.5 Ni,
    Corinthian bronze†††
    CuSil2872
    Dymalloy2080C (type I diamond)
    Electrum, Green gold6-2375-800-150-4 Cd
    Grey gold††Mn†
    Guanín255618
    Hepatizon†tracetrace
    Niello††Pb sulfides†
    Panchaloha†††Fe†, Sn†, Pb†, Zn†,
    Rose, red, and pink gold20-5050-750-5
    Spangold18-19765-6 Al
    Shakudō90-964-10
    Shibuichi40-770-123-60
    Tibetan silver††Ni†, Sn†
    Tumbaga3-973-97
    White gold††Ni†, Zn†

    † amount unspecified

    High temperature copper alloys

    Copper alloys that are resilient at high temperatures and maintain mechanical properties are used in many applications such as heat exchangers, castings, and rocket engines. Copper alloys typically have very high thermal conductivities compared to other structural alloys which give them an advantage when large heat fluxes are involved, as they are better at dissipating heat.[21][22][23] But copper’s melting point is 1085 Celsius, which is lower than most structural alloys. Therefore, to make use of coppers excellent thermal properties at high temperatures, creep needs to be considered. Creep deformation occurs in materials at relatively high stresses and temperatures. It can dominate as a deformation mechanism in materials above ~0.35 of the melting temperature,[24] so designing against it is critical for high temperature applications.  The working temperatures of high temperature copper alloys are up to 700 Celsius.[22][23] Most of the leading high temperature copper alloys rely on oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS) or precipitation hardening (PH).[21] Some alloys use different methods however, such as alloy, GRCop-84, which takes advantage of intermetallic compounds that form, in its microstructure. These precipitates pin the grains and inhibit grain boundary sliding.[22] The advantage of ODS strengthening is that the oxides will not coarsen during temperature aging while PH alloys will, and the strengthening will be lost.[21] In all cases, the goal of the strengthening mechanisms are to slow down creep deformation, and the various mechanisms that contribute to it such as dislocation glide, dislocation glide, and vacancy diffusion. Some examples of how these strengthening mechanisms work are by increasing the activation energy needed for lattice and grain boundary diffusion, introducing a threshold stress needed to climb or shear particles in matrix, or by pinning grains which inhibits grain boundary sliding.[25][21][23][22] Other factors to be considered at high temperature are oxidation and thermomechanical fatigue which may contribute material degradation.[21][22]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"
    2. ^ Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.) Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering, Elsevier, 2006
    3. ^ National Bronze & Metals | Beryllium Copper
    4. ^ Lewis Brass & Company | Copper Alloy Data Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
    5. ^ Cast copper alloy C83600 (Ounce Metal) substech.com
    6. ^ a b c Industrial Investment Castings - Franklin Bronze, retrieved 2009-09-07.
    7. ^ Brass and Bronze Alloys, archived from the original on 2009-08-25, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    8. ^ UNS C83400, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    9. ^ UNS C86100, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    10. ^ UNS C95410, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    11. ^ UNS C95600, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    12. ^ UNS C95700, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    13. ^ UNS C87200, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    14. ^ UNS C87400, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    15. ^ UNS C87500, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    16. ^ UNS C87600, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    17. ^ UNS C87800, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    18. ^ UNS C87900, retrieved 2009-09-08.
    19. ^ "Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202".
    20. ^ Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals, ISBN 978-0-87170-691-1
    21. ^ a b c d e Li, G., Thomas, B. G., & Stubbins, J. F. (2000). Modeling Creep and Fatigue of Copper Alloys. Technical Report, Continuous Casting Consortium, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Available online.
    22. ^ a b c d e Ellis, David L. (2005). GRCop-84: A High-Temperature Copper Alloy for High-Heat-Flux Applications. NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. NASA/TM-2005-213582. Available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050123582/downloads/20050123582.pdf
    23. ^ a b c Broyles, C. E.; Arzt, E.; Kraft, R. W. (1996). "Creep Deformation of Dispersion-Strengthened Copper." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27 (11): 3539–3547. doi:10.1007/BF02649859.
    24. ^ Creep (deformation).” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, last modified [date you accessed]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)
    25. ^ Marquis, E. A.; Dunand, D. C. (2002). “Model for creep threshold stress in precipitation-strengthened alloys with coherent particles.” Scripta Materialia, 47 (8), 503–508. doi:10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00165-3. Northwestern Scholars+1

    Bibliography

    • Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L. (1992). Machinery's Handbook (24 ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. p. 501. ISBN 0-8311-2492-X.
    • Corrosion tests and standards: application and interpretation
    • Copper Development Association
    • [1]
    • Copper Binary Phase Diagrams generation code (batch file - http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/ramefabio.txt ) using open thermodynamic databases available at NIMS https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/periodic.htm and a commercial software, Computherm Pandat, available for free at https://computherm.com/ help for use at https://computherm.com/docs/pandat_manual.pdf Images of the 34 binary phase diagrams are available at http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/PNG/
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_copper_alloys&oldid=1325818597"