Jakarta EE

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Jakarta EE
Jakarta EE logo schooner color stacked default
Player softwareJava
Programming language(s)Java
Application(s)Application server
StatusActive
LicenseEclipse Public License or GNU General Public License w/Classpath exception
Websitejakarta.ee

Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending Java SE[1] with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services.[2] Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, which can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components they are deploying.

Jakarta EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Jakarta EE compliant.

Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.

History

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The platform created by Sun Microsystems was known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or J2EE from version 1.2, until the name was changed to Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE in version 1.5.

After Sun was acquired in 2009, Java EE was maintained by Oracle under the Java Community Process. On September 12, 2017, Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation.[3] The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J).[4] The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use of javax and Java trademarks.[5] Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE.[6][7] The name refers to the largest city on the island of Java and also the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta.[8] The name should not be confused with the former Jakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the Apache Software Foundation.

Java enterprise platform history
Platform versionRelease[9]SpecificationJava SE SupportImportant Changes
Jakarta EE 112025-06-26[10]11
  • Java SE 21
  • Java SE 17
Data
Jakarta EE 102022-09-22[11]10
  • Java SE 17
  • Java SE 11
Removal of deprecated items in Servlet, Faces, CDI and EJB (Entity Beans and Embeddable Container). CDI-Build Time.
Jakarta EE 9.12021-05-25[12]9.1
  • Java SE 11
  • Java SE 8
JDK 11 support
Jakarta EE 92020-12-08[13]9Java SE 8API namespace move from javax to jakarta
Jakarta EE 82019-09-10[14]8Java SE 8Full compatibility with Java EE 8
Java EE 82017-08-31JSR 366Java SE 8HTTP/2 and CDI based Security
Java EE 72013-05-28JSR 342Java SE 7WebSocket, JSON and HTML5 support
Java EE 62009-12-10JSR 316Java SE 6CDI managed Beans and REST
Java EE 52006-05-11JSR 244Java SE 5Java annotations and Generics in Java
J2EE 1.42003-11-11JSR 151J2SE 1.4WS-I interoperable web services[15]
J2EE 1.32001-09-24JSR 58J2SE 1.3Java connector architecture[16]
J2EE 1.21999-12-171.2J2SE 1.2Initial specification release

Specifications

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Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, and managing distributed queues.

The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs, such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans, connectors, servlets, Jakarta Server Pages and several web service technologies.

Web specifications

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  • Jakarta Servlet: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
  • Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to service WebSocket connections;
  • Jakarta Faces: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
  • Jakarta Expression Language (EL) is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to named beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.

Web service specifications

[edit]

Enterprise specifications

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  • Jakarta Activation (JAF) specifies an architecture to extend component Beans by providing data typing and bindings of such types.
  • Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a specification to provide a dependency injection container;
  • Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to provide transactions (using JTA), remote procedure calls (using RMI or RMI-IIOP), concurrency control, dependency injection and access control for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
  • Jakarta Persistence (JPA) are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
  • Jakarta Transactions (JTA) contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
  • Jakarta Messaging (JMS) provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.

Other specifications

[edit]
  • Jakarta Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by the Jakarta Validation API. Jakarta Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. Jakarta Persistence model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, Jakarta Persistence honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, while JSF does so in the view layer.
  • Jakarta Batch provides the means for batch processing in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
  • Jakarta Connectors is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application integration (EAI). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.

Web profile

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In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications. The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:

SpecificationJava EE 6[17]Java EE 7[18]Java EE 8[19]
Jakarta EE 8[20]		Jakarta EE 9[21]
Jakarta EE 9.1[22]		Jakarta EE 10[23]Jakarta EE 11[24]
Jakarta Servlet3.03.14.05.06.06.1
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP)2.22.32.33.03.14.0
Jakarta Expression Language (EL)2.23.03.04.05.06.0
Jakarta Debugging Support for Other Languages (JSR-45)1.01.01.02.02.02.0
Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL)1.21.21.22.03.03.0
Jakarta Faces2.02.22.33.04.04.1
Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)1.12.02.13.03.14.0
Jakarta WebSocket (WebSocket)N/a1.01.12.02.12.2
Jakarta JSON Processing (JSON-P)N/a1.01.12.02.12.1
Jakarta JSON Binding (JSON-B)N/aN/a1.12.03.03.0
Jakarta Annotations (CA)1.11.21.32.02.13.0
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB)3.1 Lite3.2 Lite3.2 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite
Jakarta Transactions (JTA)1.11.21.22.02.02.0
Jakarta Persistence (JPA)2.02.12.23.03.13.2
Jakarta Bean Validation1.01.12.03.03.03.1
Jakarta Managed Beans1.01.01.02.0N/aN/a
Jakarta Interceptors1.11.21.22.02.12.2
Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)1.01.12.03.04.04.1
Jakarta Dependency Injection1.01.01.02.02.02.0
Jakarta SecurityN/aN/a1.02.03.04.0
Jakarta AuthenticationN/a1.01.12.03.03.1
Jakarta ConcurrencyN/aN/aN/aN/a3.03.1

Certified referencing runtimes

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Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like connectors, clustering, fault tolerance, high availability, security, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.

Jakarta EE

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Referencing runtime[25][26][27]DeveloperJakarta EE 10 PlatformJakarta EE 9/9.1 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 9/9.1 Web Profile Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Web Profile Compatible ProductsLicensing
GlassFishEclipseYes 7.0.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 5.1.0Yes 5.1.0Free software
Open LibertyIBMYes 22.0.0.13-beta,[28] 23.0.0.3[29]Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Free software
WebSphere LibertyIBMYes 23.0.0.3[29]Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 20.0.0.3Yes 20.0.0.3Proprietary software
WildFlyRed HatYes 27.0.0.Alpha5Yes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 18.0.0Yes 18.0.0Free software
JBoss EAPRed HatYes 8.0.0NoNoYes 7.3.0Yes 7.3.0Free software
TomEEApacheYes 10.xYes 9.xYes 9.xYes 8.xYes 8.xFree software
Payara ServerPayara Services LimitedYes 6.2022.1 Alpha 4Yes 6.2021.1 Alpha 1NoYes 5.22.0, 5.23.0Yes 5.23.0Free software
Thunisoft Application ServerBeijing Thunisoft Information TechnologyNoYes 3.0NoYes 2.8NoProprietary software
JEUSTmaxSoftNoNoNoYes 8.5NoProprietary software
InforSuite Application ServerShandong Cvicse MiddlewareNoYes 11NoYes 10NoProprietary software
WebOTXNECYes 12NoNoYes 11NoProprietary software

Java EE

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Referencing runtimeDeveloperJava EE 8 certified – FullJava EE 8 certified – WebJava EE 7 certified – FullJava EE 7 certified – WebJava EE 6 certified – Full
Official Oracle page for Java EE Compatibility.		Java EE 6 certified – WebJava EE 5 certifiedJ2EE 1.4 certifiedLicensing
GlassFish server Open Source EditionOracleYes v5.0[30]Yes v5.0[30]Yes v4.x[31]Yes v4.x[31]Yes v3.x and upward[32]Yes v3.x Web ProfileYes v2.1.x[32]Free software
Oracle GlassFish ServerOracleYes v3[33] based on the open source GlassFish application serverYes Sun Java System Application Server v9.0Yes Sun Java System Application Server v8.2Proprietary software
Oracle WebLogic ServerOracleYes 14.1.1[34]Yes 12.2.1[35]Yes v12c[36]Yes v10.3.5.0Yes v9Proprietary software
WildFlyRed HatYes v14.x[30]Yes v14.x[30]Yes v8.1 [37]Yes v8.0.0.FinalYes v7.1[38]Yes v6.0[39] and v7.0[40]Yes v5.1[41][42]Yes v4.xFree software
JBoss Enterprise Application PlatformRed HatYes v7.2 [43]Yes v7.0[31]Yes v7.0[31]Yes v6.0[44]Yes v5Proprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application ServerIBMYes v9.x[30]Yes v9.x[31]Yes v8[45]Yes v7YesProprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application Server LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2[46]Yes v18.0.0.2[46]Yes v8.5.5.6[47][48]Yes v8.5.5.6[31]Yes v8.5.5[49]Proprietary software
Open LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2Yes v18.0.0.2Free software
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community EditionIBMYes v3.0Yes v2.1Proprietary software
Apache GeronimoApacheYes v3.0-beta-1[50][51]Yes v2.0Yes v1.0Free software
JEUSTmaxSoftYes v8Yes v7[52][53]Yes v6Yes v5Proprietary software
Cosminexus Application ServerHitachiYes v10.0[30]Yes v9[54]Proprietary software
Fujitsu Interstage Application Server[55]FujitsuYes v12.0[30]Yes v1 Azure/v10.1[56][57]YesProprietary software
WebOTXNECYes[58]YesProprietary software
BES Application ServerBaolandeYes v9.5[31]
Apache TomEE[59][60]ApacheNo 7 (Java EE 7 like, but not certified[61])YesFree software
Resin ServerCauchoYes v4.0[62]YesProprietary software
SiwpasOW2Yes v6.0[63]Free software
JOnASOW2Yes v5.3 rc1[64]YesYesFree software
SAP NetWeaverSAPYes v2.x[65]YesYesProprietary software
Oracle Containers for Java EEOracleYesProprietary software
Oracle iPlanet Web ServerOracleYes Sun Java System Web ServerProprietary software
Oracle Application Server 10gOracleYesProprietary software
Pramati ServerPramati TechnologiesYes v5.0Proprietary software
Trifork T4TriforkYesProprietary software
Sybase Enterprise Application Server[66]SybaseYesProprietary software

Code sample

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The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.

In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages (JSP), or Jakarta Faces (JSF) with Facelets. The example below uses Faces and Facelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core"> <f:metadata> <f:viewParam name="user_id" value="#{userEdit.user}" converter="#{userConvertor}" /> </f:metadata> <h:body> <h:messages /> <h:form> <h:panelGrid columns="2"> <h:outputLabel for="firstName" value="First name" /> <h:inputText id="firstName" value="#{userEdit.user.firstName}" label="First name" /> <h:outputLabel for="lastName" value="Last name" /> <h:inputText id="lastName" value="#{userEdit.user.lastName}" label="Last name" /> <h:commandButton action="#{userEdit.saveUser}" value="Save" /> </h:panelGrid> </h:form> </h:body></html>

Example Backing Bean class

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To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below uses Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) and Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB).

import java.io.Serializable;import jakarta.inject.Named;import jakarta.faces.view.ViewScoped;import jakarta.inject.Inject;@Named@ViewScopedpublic class UserEdit implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private User user; @Inject private UserDAO userDAO; public String saveUser() { userDAO.save(this.user); addFlashMessage(String.format("User %d saved", this.user.getId())); return "users.xhtml?faces-redirect=true"; } public void setUser(User user) { this.user = user; } public User getUser() { return user; }}

Example Data Access Object class

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To implement business logic, Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence, JDBC or Jakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.

import java.util.List;import jakarta.ejb.Stateless;import jakarta.persistence.EntityManager;import jakarta.persistence.PersistenceContext;import jakarta.persistence.TypedQuery;@Statelesspublic class UserDAO { @PersistenceContext private EntityManager entityManager; public void save(User user) { entityManager.persist(user); } public void update(User user) { entityManager.merge(user); } public List<User> getAll() { return entityManager.createNamedQuery("User.getAll", User.class) .getResultList(); }}

Example Entity class

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For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (JPA), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.

import jakarta.persistence.Entity;import jakarta.persistence.Id;import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;import jakarta.persistence.GenerationType;@Entitypublic class User { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = IDENTITY) private Integer id; @Size(min = 2, message="First name too short") private String firstName; @Size(min = 2, message="Last name too short") private String lastName; public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; }}

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Differences between Java EE and Java SE - Your First Cup: An Introduction to the Java EE Platform". Docs.oracle.com. 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  2. ^ "Java EE Overview". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  3. ^ Waters, John K. (September 12, 2017). "Java EE Is Moving to the Eclipse Foundation". ADTmag. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
  4. ^ Beaton, Wayne. "EE4J FAQ". Eclipse Foundation.
  5. ^ Milinkovich, Mike (May 3, 2019). "Update on Jakarta EE Rights to Java Trademarks". Blog. Life at Eclipse. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  6. ^ Chirgwin, Richard (March 4, 2018). "Java EE renamed 'Jakarta EE' after Big Red brand spat". Software. The Register. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  7. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (March 5, 2018). "Good-bye JEE, hello Jakarta EE". Linux and Open Source. ZDNet. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  8. ^ Tijms, Arjan (February 27, 2020). "Transition From Java EE to Jakarta EE". Java Magazine. blogs.oracle.com. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  9. ^ "Jakarta EE Releases". Jakarta EE. Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  10. ^ Harris, Jacob (2025-06-26). "The Eclipse Foundation's Jakarta EE Working Group Announces Jakarta EE 11 Release". News. Jakarta EE (Press release). Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2025-11-17.
  11. ^ Obradovic, Tanja; Grimstad, Ivar (2022-09-22). "The Eclipse Foundation's Jakarta EE Working Group Releases Jakarta EE 10 to Usher in the Era of Cloud Native Java". News. Jakarta EE (Press release). Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  12. ^ Obradovic, Tanja; Grimstad, Ivar (2021-05-25). "The Jakarta EE Working Group Releases Jakarta EE 9.1 as Industry Continues to Embrace Open Source Enterprise Java". News. Jakarta EE (Press release). Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  13. ^ Mmayel, Shabnam; Obradovic, Tanja (2020-12-08). "Jakarta EE 9 Released!". News. Jakarta EE (Press release). Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  14. ^ Mmayel, Shabnam; Obradovic, Tanja (2019-09-10). "Jakarta EE 8 Released!". News. Jakarta EE (Press release). Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  15. ^ Krill, Paul (November 21, 2003). "J2EE 1.4 spec certified". Software Development. InfoWorld. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  16. ^ Copeland, Lee (September 24, 2001). "Sun unveils J2EE 1.3". Software Development. Computerworld. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  17. ^ "JSR 316: Java Platform, Enterprise Edition 6 (Java EE 6) Specification". Java Community Process. Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
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  19. ^ "Java Platform, Enterprise Edition 8 (Java EE 8) Web Profile Specification" (PDF). GitHub. Oracle Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  20. ^ "Web Profile Definition". Jakarta EE WebProfile. 8. Jakarta EE. Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  21. ^ "Web Profile Definition". Jakarta EE WebProfile. 9. Jakarta EE. Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  22. ^ "Web Profile Definition". Jakarta EE WebProfile. 9.1. Jakarta EE. Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
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  29. ^ a b "Jakarta EE 10, MicroProfile 6, and Java SE 20 support in Open Liberty 23.0.0.3". openliberty.io.
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  32. ^ a b "Comparing GlassFish Open Source Edition versions 2.x and 3.0.x". Archived from the original on 2012-12-20.
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  50. ^ "Apache Geronimo : Index". geronimo.apache.org. January 25, 2010.
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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jakarta EE.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_EE&oldid=1329838220"
    Jakarta EE
    Jakarta EE logo schooner color stacked default
    Player softwareJava
    Programming language(s)Java
    Application(s)Application server
    StatusActive
    LicenseEclipse Public License or GNU General Public License w/Classpath exception
    Websitejakarta.ee

    Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending Java SE[1] with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services.[2] Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, which can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components they are deploying.

    Jakarta EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Jakarta EE compliant.

    Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.

    History

    The platform created by Sun Microsystems was known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or J2EE from version 1.2, until the name was changed to Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE in version 1.5.

    After Sun was acquired in 2009, Java EE was maintained by Oracle under the Java Community Process. On September 12, 2017, Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation.[3] The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J).[4] The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use of javax and Java trademarks.[5] Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE.[6][7] The name refers to the largest city on the island of Java and also the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta.[8] The name should not be confused with the former Jakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the Apache Software Foundation.

    Java enterprise platform history
    Platform versionRelease[9]SpecificationJava SE SupportImportant Changes
    Jakarta EE 112025-06-26[10]11
    • Java SE 21
    • Java SE 17
    		Data
    Jakarta EE 102022-09-22[11]10
    • Java SE 17
    • Java SE 11
    		Removal of deprecated items in Servlet, Faces, CDI and EJB (Entity Beans and Embeddable Container). CDI-Build Time.
    Jakarta EE 9.12021-05-25[12]9.1
    • Java SE 11
    • Java SE 8
    		JDK 11 support
    Jakarta EE 92020-12-08[13]9Java SE 8API namespace move from javax to jakarta
    Jakarta EE 82019-09-10[14]8Java SE 8Full compatibility with Java EE 8
    Java EE 82017-08-31JSR 366Java SE 8HTTP/2 and CDI based Security
    Java EE 72013-05-28JSR 342Java SE 7WebSocket, JSON and HTML5 support
    Java EE 62009-12-10JSR 316Java SE 6CDI managed Beans and REST
    Java EE 52006-05-11JSR 244Java SE 5Java annotations and Generics in Java
    J2EE 1.42003-11-11JSR 151J2SE 1.4WS-I interoperable web services[15]
    J2EE 1.32001-09-24JSR 58J2SE 1.3Java connector architecture[16]
    J2EE 1.21999-12-171.2J2SE 1.2Initial specification release

    Specifications

    Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, and managing distributed queues.

    The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs, such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans, connectors, servlets, Jakarta Server Pages and several web service technologies.

    Web specifications

    • Jakarta Servlet: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
    • Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to service WebSocket connections;
    • Jakarta Faces: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
    • Jakarta Expression Language (EL) is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to named beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.

    Web service specifications

    Enterprise specifications

    • Jakarta Activation (JAF) specifies an architecture to extend component Beans by providing data typing and bindings of such types.
    • Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a specification to provide a dependency injection container;
    • Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to provide transactions (using JTA), remote procedure calls (using RMI or RMI-IIOP), concurrency control, dependency injection and access control for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
    • Jakarta Persistence (JPA) are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
    • Jakarta Transactions (JTA) contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
    • Jakarta Messaging (JMS) provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.

    Other specifications

    • Jakarta Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by the Jakarta Validation API. Jakarta Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. Jakarta Persistence model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, Jakarta Persistence honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, while JSF does so in the view layer.
    • Jakarta Batch provides the means for batch processing in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
    • Jakarta Connectors is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application integration (EAI). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.

    Web profile

    In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications. The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:

    SpecificationJava EE 6[17]Java EE 7[18]Java EE 8[19]
    Jakarta EE 8[20]    		Jakarta EE 9[21]
    Jakarta EE 9.1[22]    		Jakarta EE 10[23]Jakarta EE 11[24]
    Jakarta Servlet3.03.14.05.06.06.1
    Jakarta Server Pages (JSP)2.22.32.33.03.14.0
    Jakarta Expression Language (EL)2.23.03.04.05.06.0
    Jakarta Debugging Support for Other Languages (JSR-45)1.01.01.02.02.02.0
    Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL)1.21.21.22.03.03.0
    Jakarta Faces2.02.22.33.04.04.1
    Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)1.12.02.13.03.14.0
    Jakarta WebSocket (WebSocket)N/a1.01.12.02.12.2
    Jakarta JSON Processing (JSON-P)N/a1.01.12.02.12.1
    Jakarta JSON Binding (JSON-B)N/aN/a1.12.03.03.0
    Jakarta Annotations (CA)1.11.21.32.02.13.0
    Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB)3.1 Lite3.2 Lite3.2 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite
    Jakarta Transactions (JTA)1.11.21.22.02.02.0
    Jakarta Persistence (JPA)2.02.12.23.03.13.2
    Jakarta Bean Validation1.01.12.03.03.03.1
    Jakarta Managed Beans1.01.01.02.0N/aN/a
    Jakarta Interceptors1.11.21.22.02.12.2
    Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)1.01.12.03.04.04.1
    Jakarta Dependency Injection1.01.01.02.02.02.0
    Jakarta SecurityN/aN/a1.02.03.04.0
    Jakarta AuthenticationN/a1.01.12.03.03.1
    Jakarta ConcurrencyN/aN/aN/aN/a3.03.1

    Certified referencing runtimes

    Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like connectors, clustering, fault tolerance, high availability, security, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.

    Jakarta EE

    Referencing runtime[25][26][27]DeveloperJakarta EE 10 PlatformJakarta EE 9/9.1 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 9/9.1 Web Profile Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Web Profile Compatible ProductsLicensing
    GlassFishEclipseYes 7.0.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 5.1.0Yes 5.1.0Free software
    Open LibertyIBMYes 22.0.0.13-beta,[28] 23.0.0.3[29]Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Free software
    WebSphere LibertyIBMYes 23.0.0.3[29]Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 20.0.0.3Yes 20.0.0.3Proprietary software
    WildFlyRed HatYes 27.0.0.Alpha5Yes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 18.0.0Yes 18.0.0Free software
    JBoss EAPRed HatYes 8.0.0NoNoYes 7.3.0Yes 7.3.0Free software
    TomEEApacheYes 10.xYes 9.xYes 9.xYes 8.xYes 8.xFree software
    Payara ServerPayara Services LimitedYes 6.2022.1 Alpha 4Yes 6.2021.1 Alpha 1NoYes 5.22.0, 5.23.0Yes 5.23.0Free software
    Thunisoft Application ServerBeijing Thunisoft Information TechnologyNoYes 3.0NoYes 2.8NoProprietary software
    JEUSTmaxSoftNoNoNoYes 8.5NoProprietary software
    InforSuite Application ServerShandong Cvicse MiddlewareNoYes 11NoYes 10NoProprietary software
    WebOTXNECYes 12NoNoYes 11NoProprietary software

    Java EE

    Referencing runtimeDeveloperJava EE 8 certified – FullJava EE 8 certified – WebJava EE 7 certified – FullJava EE 7 certified – WebJava EE 6 certified – Full
    Official Oracle page for Java EE Compatibility.    		Java EE 6 certified – WebJava EE 5 certifiedJ2EE 1.4 certifiedLicensing
    GlassFish server Open Source EditionOracleYes v5.0[30]Yes v5.0[30]Yes v4.x[31]Yes v4.x[31]Yes v3.x and upward[32]Yes v3.x Web ProfileYes v2.1.x[32]Free software
    Oracle GlassFish ServerOracleYes v3[33] based on the open source GlassFish application serverYes Sun Java System Application Server v9.0Yes Sun Java System Application Server v8.2Proprietary software
    Oracle WebLogic ServerOracleYes 14.1.1[34]Yes 12.2.1[35]Yes v12c[36]Yes v10.3.5.0Yes v9Proprietary software
    WildFlyRed HatYes v14.x[30]Yes v14.x[30]Yes v8.1 [37]Yes v8.0.0.FinalYes v7.1[38]Yes v6.0[39] and v7.0[40]Yes v5.1[41][42]Yes v4.xFree software
    JBoss Enterprise Application PlatformRed HatYes v7.2 [43]Yes v7.0[31]Yes v7.0[31]Yes v6.0[44]Yes v5Proprietary software
    IBM WebSphere Application ServerIBMYes v9.x[30]Yes v9.x[31]Yes v8[45]Yes v7YesProprietary software
    IBM WebSphere Application Server LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2[46]Yes v18.0.0.2[46]Yes v8.5.5.6[47][48]Yes v8.5.5.6[31]Yes v8.5.5[49]Proprietary software
    Open LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2Yes v18.0.0.2Free software
    IBM WebSphere Application Server Community EditionIBMYes v3.0Yes v2.1Proprietary software
    Apache GeronimoApacheYes v3.0-beta-1[50][51]Yes v2.0Yes v1.0Free software
    JEUSTmaxSoftYes v8Yes v7[52][53]Yes v6Yes v5Proprietary software
    Cosminexus Application ServerHitachiYes v10.0[30]Yes v9[54]Proprietary software
    Fujitsu Interstage Application Server[55]FujitsuYes v12.0[30]Yes v1 Azure/v10.1[56][57]YesProprietary software
    WebOTXNECYes[58]YesProprietary software
    BES Application ServerBaolandeYes v9.5[31]
    Apache TomEE[59][60]ApacheNo 7 (Java EE 7 like, but not certified[61])YesFree software
    Resin ServerCauchoYes v4.0[62]YesProprietary software
    SiwpasOW2Yes v6.0[63]Free software
    JOnASOW2Yes v5.3 rc1[64]YesYesFree software
    SAP NetWeaverSAPYes v2.x[65]YesYesProprietary software
    Oracle Containers for Java EEOracleYesProprietary software
    Oracle iPlanet Web ServerOracleYes Sun Java System Web ServerProprietary software
    Oracle Application Server 10gOracleYesProprietary software
    Pramati ServerPramati TechnologiesYes v5.0Proprietary software
    Trifork T4TriforkYesProprietary software
    Sybase Enterprise Application Server[66]SybaseYesProprietary software

    Code sample

    The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.

    In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages (JSP), or Jakarta Faces (JSF) with Facelets. The example below uses Faces and Facelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.

    <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core"> <f:metadata> <f:viewParam name="user_id" value="#{userEdit.user}" converter="#{userConvertor}" /> </f:metadata> <h:body> <h:messages /> <h:form> <h:panelGrid columns="2"> <h:outputLabel for="firstName" value="First name" /> <h:inputText id="firstName" value="#{userEdit.user.firstName}" label="First name" /> <h:outputLabel for="lastName" value="Last name" /> <h:inputText id="lastName" value="#{userEdit.user.lastName}" label="Last name" /> <h:commandButton action="#{userEdit.saveUser}" value="Save" /> </h:panelGrid> </h:form> </h:body></html>

    Example Backing Bean class

    To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below uses Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) and Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB).

    import java.io.Serializable;import jakarta.inject.Named;import jakarta.faces.view.ViewScoped;import jakarta.inject.Inject;@Named@ViewScopedpublic class UserEdit implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private User user; @Inject private UserDAO userDAO; public String saveUser() { userDAO.save(this.user); addFlashMessage(String.format("User %d saved", this.user.getId())); return "users.xhtml?faces-redirect=true"; } public void setUser(User user) { this.user = user; } public User getUser() { return user; }}

    Example Data Access Object class

    To implement business logic, Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence, JDBC or Jakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.

    import java.util.List;import jakarta.ejb.Stateless;import jakarta.persistence.EntityManager;import jakarta.persistence.PersistenceContext;import jakarta.persistence.TypedQuery;@Statelesspublic class UserDAO { @PersistenceContext private EntityManager entityManager; public void save(User user) { entityManager.persist(user); } public void update(User user) { entityManager.merge(user); } public List<User> getAll() { return entityManager.createNamedQuery("User.getAll", User.class) .getResultList(); }}

    Example Entity class

    For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (JPA), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.

    import jakarta.persistence.Entity;import jakarta.persistence.Id;import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;import jakarta.persistence.GenerationType;@Entitypublic class User { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = IDENTITY) private Integer id; @Size(min = 2, message="First name too short") private String firstName; @Size(min = 2, message="Last name too short") private String lastName; public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; }}

    See also

    References

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    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jakarta EE.
    • Official website
      • Jakarta EE Compatible Products: Enterprise Java Application and Web Servers - Eclipse Foundation
    • The Official Jakarta EE Tutorial
    • First Cup of Jakarta EE Tutorial: An Introduction to Jakarta EE
    • Jakarta EE Specification Guide - Jakarta EE Platform
    • Jakarta EE Official Starter: Generate a Jakarta EE Project
    • Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), Oracle Technology Network
    • Jakarta EE official YouTube channel
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