Tabaru language

Tabaru
Tabaru
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Halmahera
Ethnicity	Tabaru
Native speakers	(15,000 cited 1991)
Language family	West Papuan? North Halmahera Galela–Tobelo Tabaru; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tby
Glottolog	taba1263

Tabaru is a North Halmahera language of Indonesia.

Phonology

Vowels

Tabaru has a simple five vowel system: a, e, i, o, u.^[2]

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative		f	s			h
Semivowel				j	w
Lateral			l
Trill			r

Syllable structure and stress

On the surface level, Tabaru only allows syllables of the type (C)V. Words with an underlying final consonant add an echo vowel: ngówaka (/ngowak/) ′child′, ókere (/oker/) ′drink′, sárimi (/sarim/) ′paddle′, ódomo (/odom/) ′eat′, pálusu (/palus/) ′answer′. The echo vowel is dropped when a suffix is added: woísene (/woisen/) ′hear′, but woisenoka (/woisen/ + /oka/) ′heard′. Stress regularly falls on the penultimate syllable, but shifts to the antepenultimate when the word takes an echo vowel.^[3]^: 163

References

^ Tabaru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Fortgens, J. (1928). "Grammatikale Aanteekeningen van het Tabaroesch; Tabaroesche Volksverhalen en Raadsels" [Grammatical Notes of Tabaru; Tabaru Folktales and Riddles]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 84 (2/3): 300–544. JSTOR 20770253. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001497 doi:10.1163/22134379-90001498
^ Kotynski, Edward A. (1988). "Tabaru phonology and morphology". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota. 32: 143–216. doi:10.31356/silwp.vol32.06.

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[e18-1] Tabaru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Fortgens, J. (1928). "Grammatikale Aanteekeningen van het Tabaroesch; Tabaroesche Volksverhalen en Raadsels" [Grammatical Notes of Tabaru; Tabaru Folktales and Riddles]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 84 (2/3): 300–544. JSTOR 20770253. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001497 doi:10.1163/22134379-90001498

[3] Kotynski, Edward A. (1988). "Tabaru phonology and morphology". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota. 32: 143–216. doi:10.31356/silwp.vol32.06.