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An angle ε is drawn between two straight lines from Earth to the Sun, and from Earth to the planet. This is demonstrated for different positions along circular orbits, both for planets closer to the Sun (where the angle is always less than 90°), and for outer planets (for which the angle can range from 0° to 180°), while distinguishing east and west sides.

離角(elongation)とは?天文学における惑星と太陽の角度的な距離を解説

離角最大離角内惑星外惑星
Diagram of positional astronomy

天文現象「衝」とは?惑星が最も明るく見えるメカニズムを解説

天文学惑星地球
Diagram of positional astronomy

天文現象「衝」とは?惑星が最も明るく見えるメカニズムを解説

天文学惑星地球
Orbit of Mars relative to the orbits of inner Solar System planets

火星の軌道特性と地球への接近天文学的視点から見る赤い惑星の旅

火星公転軌道離心率