Kogi language
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| Kogi | |
|---|---|
| Kággaba | |
| Native to | Colombia |
| Region | Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta |
| Ethnicity | Kogi |
Native speakers | 9,900 (2004)[1] nearly all monolingual |
Chibchan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kog |
| Glottolog | cogu1240 |
| ELP | Cogui |
 | |
Kogi (Cogui), or Kagaba (Cágaba) (Cogui: Kággaba), is a Chibchan language of Colombia. It forms a separate Arwako branch along with the Iku and Damana languages.[2] The Kogi people are almost entirely monolingual, and maintain the only unconquered Andean civilization.
Phonology
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | ʌ | o |
| Open | a ã |
- /e, ẽ/ can also be heard as [ɛ, ɛ̃] when in unstressed syllables.
| Bilabial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | geminated | plain | geminated | plain | geminated | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tː | k | kː | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | bː | d | dː | g | gː | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨j⟩ | h | ||||
| voiced | z | ʒ ⟨zh⟩ | |||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ñ⟩ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||||
- Affricate sounds [ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ] are heard when sibilant sounds /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ precede /n/. If /t, d/ precede /i/ then they are realized as affricates [tʃ, dʒ].
- /n/ before /i/ may be realized as a palatal [ɲ].[3]
Grammar
[edit]The language is mostly verb-final, with the dominant word order subject–object–verb. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify. Verbs are inflected for subject (either a prefix or a suffix) and for object (a prefix). Non-subject personal reference can also express a beneficiary, as illustrated in the following example:[2]
bigíʒa
pineapple
na-k-lúni
1O.SG-DAT-want
‘I want a pineapple.’
Nouns and nominals can receive case markers; however, the nominative or subject suffix -hã is not obligatory and cannot be attached to personal pronouns. Other four cases are: dative – alative (-k), accusative (-ø), genitive (-ti), locative (-li). Possession can be expressed either through a genitive construction or by using possessive prefixes. Possessive pronouns distinguish between inclusive and exclusive plural.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Kogi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
- ^ a b Gawthorne, Linda A.; Hensarling, Grace E. (1984). Fonología del cogui. Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas colombianos (V.G.Waterhouse, comp.): Lomalinda: Editorial Townsend.
- ^ Ortíz Ricaurte, Carolina (2000). La Lengua Koguí: fonología y morfosintaxis nominal. In González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva, 757-788. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
| Authority control databases: National |
|---|
 | This article related to the Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
| Kogi | |
|---|---|
| Kággaba | |
| Native to | Colombia |
| Region | Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta |
| Ethnicity | Kogi |
Native speakers | 9,900 (2004)[1] nearly all monolingual |
Chibchan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kog |
| Glottolog | cogu1240 |
| ELP | Cogui |
 | |
Kogi (Cogui), or Kagaba (Cágaba) (Cogui: Kággaba), is a Chibchan language of Colombia. It forms a separate Arwako branch along with the Iku and Damana languages.[2] The Kogi people are almost entirely monolingual, and maintain the only unconquered Andean civilization.
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | ʌ | o |
| Open | a ã |
- /e, ẽ/ can also be heard as [ɛ, ɛ̃] when in unstressed syllables.
| Bilabial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | geminated | plain | geminated | plain | geminated | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tː | k | kː | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | bː | d | dː | g | gː | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨j⟩ | h | ||||
| voiced | z | ʒ ⟨zh⟩ | |||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ñ⟩ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||||
- Affricate sounds [ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ] are heard when sibilant sounds /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ precede /n/. If /t, d/ precede /i/ then they are realized as affricates [tʃ, dʒ].
- /n/ before /i/ may be realized as a palatal [ɲ].[3]
Grammar
The language is mostly verb-final, with the dominant word order subject–object–verb. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify. Verbs are inflected for subject (either a prefix or a suffix) and for object (a prefix). Non-subject personal reference can also express a beneficiary, as illustrated in the following example:[2]
bigíʒa
pineapple
na-k-lúni
1O.SG-DAT-want
‘I want a pineapple.’
Nouns and nominals can receive case markers; however, the nominative or subject suffix -hã is not obligatory and cannot be attached to personal pronouns. Other four cases are: dative – alative (-k), accusative (-ø), genitive (-ti), locative (-li). Possession can be expressed either through a genitive construction or by using possessive prefixes. Possessive pronouns distinguish between inclusive and exclusive plural.[4]
References
- ^ Kogi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
- ^ a b Gawthorne, Linda A.; Hensarling, Grace E. (1984). Fonología del cogui. Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas colombianos (V.G.Waterhouse, comp.): Lomalinda: Editorial Townsend.
- ^ Ortíz Ricaurte, Carolina (2000). La Lengua Koguí: fonología y morfosintaxis nominal. In González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva, 757-788. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
 | This article related to the Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |