Pakpak language
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| Pakpak | |
|---|---|
| Kata Pakpak | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumatra (northern) |
| Ethnicity | Pakpak, Singkil |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1991)[1] |
| Batak | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btd |
| Glottolog | bata1294 |
Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Pakkat, Parlilitan, and Tarabintang districts in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency, Subulussalam City, and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
- A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ].
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e, ɛ | ə | o |
| Open | a |
- Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ].[2]
- To differentiate between the three e sounds, [ə, e, ɛ], Manik used ⟨é⟩ for [e], ⟨è⟩ for [ɛ], and ⟨e⟩ for [ə].[3]
References
[edit]- ^ Pakpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi. Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Manik 1977, p. 6.
Further reading
[edit]- Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). Kamus bahasa Dairi Pakpak - Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
- Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004261730. ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0.
- Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
.jpg/1280px-Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_(1940).jpg){kind=small} | This Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
| Pakpak | |
|---|---|
| Kata Pakpak | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumatra (northern) |
| Ethnicity | Pakpak, Singkil |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1991)[1] |
| Batak | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btd |
| Glottolog | bata1294 |
Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Pakkat, Parlilitan, and Tarabintang districts in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency, Subulussalam City, and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
- A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e, ɛ | ə | o |
| Open | a |
- Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ].[2]
- To differentiate between the three e sounds, [ə, e, ɛ], Manik used ⟨é⟩ for [e], ⟨è⟩ for [ɛ], and ⟨e⟩ for [ə].[3]
References
- ^ Pakpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi. Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Manik 1977, p. 6.
Further reading
- Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). Kamus bahasa Dairi Pakpak - Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
- Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004261730. ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0.
- Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
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Pakpak language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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