Kaure language
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| Kaure | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Papua: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on the Nawa River |
Native speakers | (450 cited 1995)[1] |
Kaure–Kosare
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bpp |
| Glottolog | kaur1271 |
| ELP | |
 Map: The Kaure, Kapori, and Kosare languages of New Guinea The Kaure, Kapori, and Kosare languages Other Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
Kaure is a Papuan language of West Papua. It is spoken in the villages of Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, and Aurina.[2][3]
Narau is either a dialect or a closely related language. It is known from a short word list in Giël (1959).[4] Texts include Auri et al. (1991).[5]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The Kaure consonants are:[6]: 456
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | ᵐb | ⁿd | ʤ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Liquid | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Vowels
[edit]The Kaure vowels are:[6]: 456
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i, y | |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a |
Tone
[edit]Like the Lakes Plain languages, Kaure is a tonal language. There are two tones, namely high and low.[6]: 456
Monosyllabic minimal pairs showing phonemic tone contrast include:
- tái ‘footprint’, tài ‘sago’
- pí ‘boil’, pì ‘pig’
- hín ‘limbum wood’, hìn ‘blood’
- héik ‘flower’, hèik ‘snake’
In multisyllabic words, only one stressed syllable carries full tone contrasts, while the other syllables are "neutral" or toneless.[6]: 456
Multisyllabic minimal sets include:
- káteil ‘toss it’, katéil ‘dry’, katèil ‘dry’
- nálain ‘female animal’, naláin ‘kind of root’, nalàin ‘to run off’
Pronouns
[edit]Attested pronouns are 1sg wẽ, 2sg hane, 1pl nene. The 2sg form resembles Mek *ka-n, and 1pl resembles Pauwasi numu~nin, but apart from that little can be said.
Kaure pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:[6]
Independent Possessive prefixes 1excl wen na- 1incl nene nene- 2 hane ha- 3 nene ne-
Kaure pronouns are not specified for number, just like in Nimboran.[6]
Kaure–Kapori hypothesis
[edit]Voorhoeve (1975) suggested that Kaure was related to Kapori and Kosare, two otherwise unclassified languages. However, subsequent evaluations have not found any significant connections (Rumaropen 2006, Wambaliau 2006).
References
[edit]- ^ Kaure at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ van Voskuylen, E.; et al. "Kaure" (PDF). Kaure: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-25.
- ^ "Kaure | Ethnologue".
- ^ Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13.
- ^ Auri, Piter, Peter R. Dommel and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaureki a Opoksel (Percakapan-percakapan Dalam Bahasa Kaure: Kaure Conversations). Jayapura: University of Cenderawasih and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ a b c d e f Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Further reading
[edit]
- Benny Rumaropen (2006). Draft Survey Report on the Kapauri Language of Papua. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
- Theresia Wambaliau (2006). Draft Laporan Survei pada Bahasa Kosare di Papua, Indonesia. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
- Dommel, Peter R., Gudrun E. Dommel, Pieter Auri and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaure Vocabulary. Jayapura: Cooperative Program of the University of Cenderawasih and the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Dommel, Peter R. and Gudrun Dommel. 1993. Orang Kaure. In: Etnografi Irian Jaya: panduan sosial budaya (buku satu). 21–75. [Jayapura]: Kelompok Peneliti Etnografi Irian Jaya.
- Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13. (Contains word lists of Taworta, Taria, Airo, Kaowera, Manowa (Boromesso), and Narau)
| Kaure | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Papua: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on the Nawa River |
Native speakers | (450 cited 1995)[1] |
Kaure–Kosare
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bpp |
| Glottolog | kaur1271 |
| ELP |
|
 Map: The Kaure, Kapori, and Kosare languages of New Guinea The Kaure, Kapori, and Kosare languages Other Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
Kaure is a Papuan language of West Papua. It is spoken in the villages of Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, and Aurina.[2][3]
Narau is either a dialect or a closely related language. It is known from a short word list in Giël (1959).[4] Texts include Auri et al. (1991).[5]
Phonology
Consonants
The Kaure consonants are:[6]: 456
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | ᵐb | ⁿd | ʤ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Liquid | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Vowels
The Kaure vowels are:[6]: 456
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i, y | |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a |
Tone
Like the Lakes Plain languages, Kaure is a tonal language. There are two tones, namely high and low.[6]: 456
Monosyllabic minimal pairs showing phonemic tone contrast include:
- tái ‘footprint’, tài ‘sago’
- pí ‘boil’, pì ‘pig’
- hín ‘limbum wood’, hìn ‘blood’
- héik ‘flower’, hèik ‘snake’
In multisyllabic words, only one stressed syllable carries full tone contrasts, while the other syllables are "neutral" or toneless.[6]: 456
Multisyllabic minimal sets include:
- káteil ‘toss it’, katéil ‘dry’, katèil ‘dry’
- nálain ‘female animal’, naláin ‘kind of root’, nalàin ‘to run off’
Pronouns
Attested pronouns are 1sg wẽ, 2sg hane, 1pl nene. The 2sg form resembles Mek *ka-n, and 1pl resembles Pauwasi numu~nin, but apart from that little can be said.
Kaure pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:[6]
Independent Possessive prefixes 1excl wen na- 1incl nene nene- 2 hane ha- 3 nene ne-
Kaure pronouns are not specified for number, just like in Nimboran.[6]
Kaure–Kapori hypothesis
Voorhoeve (1975) suggested that Kaure was related to Kapori and Kosare, two otherwise unclassified languages. However, subsequent evaluations have not found any significant connections (Rumaropen 2006, Wambaliau 2006).
References
- ^ Kaure at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ van Voskuylen, E.; et al. "Kaure" (PDF). Kaure: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-25.
- ^ "Kaure | Ethnologue".
- ^ Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13.
- ^ Auri, Piter, Peter R. Dommel and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaureki a Opoksel (Percakapan-percakapan Dalam Bahasa Kaure: Kaure Conversations). Jayapura: University of Cenderawasih and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ a b c d e f Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Further reading
- Benny Rumaropen (2006). Draft Survey Report on the Kapauri Language of Papua. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
- Theresia Wambaliau (2006). Draft Laporan Survei pada Bahasa Kosare di Papua, Indonesia. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
- Dommel, Peter R., Gudrun E. Dommel, Pieter Auri and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaure Vocabulary. Jayapura: Cooperative Program of the University of Cenderawasih and the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Dommel, Peter R. and Gudrun Dommel. 1993. Orang Kaure. In: Etnografi Irian Jaya: panduan sosial budaya (buku satu). 21–75. [Jayapura]: Kelompok Peneliti Etnografi Irian Jaya.
- Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13. (Contains word lists of Taworta, Taria, Airo, Kaowera, Manowa (Boromesso), and Narau)