TAS2R46

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TAS2R46
Identifiers
AliasesTAS2R46, T2R46, T2R54, taste 2 receptor member 46
External IDsOMIM: 612774; MGI: 2681256; HomoloGene: 135705; GeneCards: TAS2R46; OMA:TAS2R46 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

259292

387348

Ensembl

ENSG00000278111
ENSG00000262525
ENSG00000226761

ENSMUSG00000059382

UniProt

P59540

Q7M721

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_176887

NM_207023

RefSeq (protein)

NP_795368

NP_996906

Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 11.06 – 11.06 MbChr 6: 132.63 – 132.63 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Taste receptor type 2 member 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R46 gene.[5][6]

Taste receptors for bitter substances (T2Rs/TAS2Rs) belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors and are related to class A-like GPCRs. There are 25 known T2Rs in humans responsible for bitter taste perception.[7]

Gene

[edit]

TAS2R46 gene (Taste receptor type 2 member 46) is a protein-coding gene. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12.[8] hTAS2R46 is a bitter receptor broadly tuned to sesquiterpene lactones, related clerodane diterpenoids, labdane diterpenes and more.

Structure

[edit]

In 2022, the solved structure of Tas2r46[9] was published in the scientific journal Science[10] making it the first Tas2r with a solved structure. The structure of Tas2r46 was solved with cryo-EM and can be downloaded in the Protein Data Bank, under the following names:

7xp6- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in active state,7xp5- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in ligand-free state,7xp4- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in apo state.

There is also a prediction structure available in Alphafold, named Taste receptor type 2 member 46 this is a computational prediction and not an experimental structure.

Tissue distribution

[edit]

TAS2R46 was shown to be expressed in other tissues in the human body apart from the oral cavity including human bone marrow stromal-derived cells (MSC) and their relatives, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).[11]

Ligands

[edit]

Up to now, 68 ligands were identified for T2R46 and are summarized in [9]

Some of TAS2R46 ligands are approved as drugs;[8] two of the more known ligands of TAS2R46 are atropine and strychnine.

Strychnine is known as a strong poison that suppresses the nerve system. Strychnine even makes an appearance in the famous Agatha Christie novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles.

Atropine injection is used to treat heart rate disorders of various types, and is used in drops to treat lazy eye condition.

Oligoporin D is one of the most potent agonists known for TAS2R46, and thus one of the most bitter substances known.[12]

Clinical significance

[edit]

TAS2R46 was associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease[13]

SNPs

[edit]

Obtained from[9]

ReceptorLocationBW numberResidueMAFdbSNP
TAS2R46IC3L228M0.3359rs2708380

Known mutations

[edit]

Known mutations of TAS2R46 include the following:[9]

ReceptorLocationBW numberResidueReferences
TAS2R46TM22.6N65[14][15]
TAS2R46TM22.61W66[14][15][16]
TAS2R46TM22.64T69[14][15]
TAS2R46TM22.65E70[14][16][15][17]
TAS2R46EC12.66L71[17][18]
TAS2R46TM33.26I82[14][15][17]
TAS2R46TM33.29Y85[14][15]
TAS2R46TM33.3N86[14][15]
TAS2R46TM33.32W88[14][15]
TAS2R46TM33.33A89[14][16][15]
TAS2R46TM33.36N92[14][16][15][19][17][18]
TAS2R46TM33.37H93[14][16][15]
TAS2R46TM33.4N96[14][16][15]
TAS2R46TM44.6I147[14][15]
TAS2R46EC24.65N150[17]
TAS2R46EC24.76N161[17]
TAS2R46TM55.38S175[14]
TAS2R46TM55.39N176[14][16][15][17][18]
TAS2R46TM55.43T180[14][15]
TAS2R46TM55.47N184[14][15]
TAS2R46TM66.51Y241[14][15][17][18]
TAS2R46TM66.52F242[14][15][19]
TAS2R46TM66.54S244[14][15]
TAS2R46TM66.55I245[14][15]
TAS2R46TM66.58S248[14][15]
TAS2R46TM66.59V249[14][15]
TAS2R46EC36.62E253[17]
TAS2R46TM77.35E261[14][15][17]
TAS2R46TM77.39E265[14][16][15][17]
TAS2R46TM77.42A268[14][16][15][17]
TAS2R46TM77.43F269[14][16][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c ENSG00000262525, ENSG00000226761 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278111, ENSG00000262525, ENSG00000226761 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059382 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Bufe B, Hofmann T, Krautwurst D, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W (November 2002). "The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides". Nature Genetics. 32 (3): 397–401. doi:10.1038/ng1014. PMID 12379855. S2CID 20426192.
  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: TAS2R46 taste receptor, type 2, member 46".
  7. ^ Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, Brockhoff A, Chudoba E, Bufe B, et al. (February 2010). "The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors". Chemical Senses. 35 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjp092. PMID 20022913.
  8. ^ a b "TAS2R46". GeneCards.
  9. ^ a b c d "hTAS2R46 - Taste receptor type 2 member 46". BitterDB. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  10. ^ Xu W, Wu L, Liu S, Liu X, Cao X, Zhou C, et al. (September 2022). "Structural basis for strychnine activation of human bitter taste receptor TAS2R46". Science. 377 (6612): 1298–1304. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1298X. doi:10.1126/science.abo1633. PMID 36108005. S2CID 252310278. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1126/science.adf8367, PMID 36413140,  Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.)
  11. ^ Lund TC, Kobs AJ, Kramer A, Nyquist M, Kuroki MT, Osborn J, et al. (2013). "Bone marrow stromal and vascular smooth muscle cells have chemosensory capacity via bitter taste receptor expression". PLOS ONE. 8 (3) e58945. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858945L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058945. PMC 3592821. PMID 23520545.
  12. ^ Schmitz LM, Lang T, Steuer A, Koppelmann L, Di Pizio A, Arnold N, Behrens M (Feb 2025). "Taste-Guided Isolation of Bitter Compounds from the Mushroom Amaropostia stiptica Activates a Subset of Human Bitter Taste Receptors". J Agric Food Chem. 73 (8): 4850–4858. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12651. PMC 11869282. PMID 39945763.
  13. ^ "Inflammatory Bowel Disease 11 (IBD11)". MalaCards-Human disease database. Weizmann Institute of Science.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Sandal M, Behrens M, Brockhoff A, Musiani F, Giorgetti A, Carloni P, Meyerhof W (September 2015). "Evidence for a Transient Additional Ligand Binding Site in the TAS2R46 Bitter Taste Receptor". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 11 (9): 4439–4449. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472. PMID 26575934.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Di Pizio A, Levit A, Slutzki M, Behrens M, Karaman R, Niv MY (2016). "Comparing Class a GPCRS to bitter taste receptors". G Protein-Coupled Receptors - Signaling, Trafficking and Regulation. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 132. pp. 401–427. doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005. ISBN 978-0-12-803595-5. PMID 26928553.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brockhoff A, Behrens M, Niv MY, Meyerhof W (June 2010). "Structural requirements of bitter taste receptor activation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (24): 11110–11115. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10711110B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913862107. PMC 2890741. PMID 20534469.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fierro F, Suku E, Alfonso-Prieto M, Giorgetti A, Cichon S, Carloni P (2017). "Agonist Binding to Chemosensory Receptors: A Systematic Bioinformatics Analysis". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 4: 63. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063. PMC 5592726. PMID 28932739.
  18. ^ a b c d Suku E, Fierro F, Giorgetti A, Alfonso-Prieto M, Carloni P (March 2017). "Multi-scale simulations of membrane proteins: the case of bitter taste receptors". Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.jsamd.2017.03.001. S2CID 56035188.
  19. ^ a b Marchiori A, Capece L, Giorgetti A, Gasparini P, Behrens M, Carloni P, Meyerhof W (2013). "Coarse-grained/molecular mechanics of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor: experimentally-validated detailed structural prediction of agonist binding". PLOS ONE. 8 (5) e64675. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864675M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064675. PMC 3669430. PMID 23741366.

Further reading

[edit]

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TAS2R46&oldid=1315356991"

    TAS2R46
    Identifiers
    AliasesTAS2R46, T2R46, T2R54, taste 2 receptor member 46
    External IDsOMIM: 612774; MGI: 2681256; HomoloGene: 135705; GeneCards: TAS2R46; OMA:TAS2R46 - orthologs
    Orthologs
    SpeciesHumanMouse
    Entrez

    259292

    387348

    Ensembl

    ENSG00000278111
    ENSG00000262525
    ENSG00000226761

    ENSMUSG00000059382

    UniProt

    P59540

    Q7M721

    RefSeq (mRNA)

    NM_176887

    NM_207023

    RefSeq (protein)

    NP_795368

    NP_996906

    Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 11.06 – 11.06 MbChr 6: 132.63 – 132.63 Mb
    PubMed search[3][4]
    Wikidata
    View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

    Taste receptor type 2 member 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R46 gene.[5][6]

    Taste receptors for bitter substances (T2Rs/TAS2Rs) belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors and are related to class A-like GPCRs. There are 25 known T2Rs in humans responsible for bitter taste perception.[7]

    Gene

    TAS2R46 gene (Taste receptor type 2 member 46) is a protein-coding gene. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12.[8] hTAS2R46 is a bitter receptor broadly tuned to sesquiterpene lactones, related clerodane diterpenoids, labdane diterpenes and more.

    Structure

    In 2022, the solved structure of Tas2r46[9] was published in the scientific journal Science[10] making it the first Tas2r with a solved structure. The structure of Tas2r46 was solved with cryo-EM and can be downloaded in the Protein Data Bank, under the following names:

    7xp6- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in active state,7xp5- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in ligand-free state,7xp4- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in apo state.

    There is also a prediction structure available in Alphafold, named Taste receptor type 2 member 46 this is a computational prediction and not an experimental structure.

    Tissue distribution

    TAS2R46 was shown to be expressed in other tissues in the human body apart from the oral cavity including human bone marrow stromal-derived cells (MSC) and their relatives, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).[11]

    Ligands

    Up to now, 68 ligands were identified for T2R46 and are summarized in [9]

    Some of TAS2R46 ligands are approved as drugs;[8] two of the more known ligands of TAS2R46 are atropine and strychnine.

    Strychnine is known as a strong poison that suppresses the nerve system. Strychnine even makes an appearance in the famous Agatha Christie novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles.

    Atropine injection is used to treat heart rate disorders of various types, and is used in drops to treat lazy eye condition.

    Oligoporin D is one of the most potent agonists known for TAS2R46, and thus one of the most bitter substances known.[12]

    Clinical significance

    TAS2R46 was associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease[13]

    SNPs

    Obtained from[9]

    ReceptorLocationBW numberResidueMAFdbSNP
    TAS2R46IC3L228M0.3359rs2708380

    Known mutations

    Known mutations of TAS2R46 include the following:[9]

    ReceptorLocationBW numberResidueReferences
    TAS2R46TM22.6N65[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM22.61W66[14][15][16]
    TAS2R46TM22.64T69[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM22.65E70[14][16][15][17]
    TAS2R46EC12.66L71[17][18]
    TAS2R46TM33.26I82[14][15][17]
    TAS2R46TM33.29Y85[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM33.3N86[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM33.32W88[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM33.33A89[14][16][15]
    TAS2R46TM33.36N92[14][16][15][19][17][18]
    TAS2R46TM33.37H93[14][16][15]
    TAS2R46TM33.4N96[14][16][15]
    TAS2R46TM44.6I147[14][15]
    TAS2R46EC24.65N150[17]
    TAS2R46EC24.76N161[17]
    TAS2R46TM55.38S175[14]
    TAS2R46TM55.39N176[14][16][15][17][18]
    TAS2R46TM55.43T180[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM55.47N184[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM66.51Y241[14][15][17][18]
    TAS2R46TM66.52F242[14][15][19]
    TAS2R46TM66.54S244[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM66.55I245[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM66.58S248[14][15]
    TAS2R46TM66.59V249[14][15]
    TAS2R46EC36.62E253[17]
    TAS2R46TM77.35E261[14][15][17]
    TAS2R46TM77.39E265[14][16][15][17]
    TAS2R46TM77.42A268[14][16][15][17]
    TAS2R46TM77.43F269[14][16][17]

    References

    1. ^ a b c ENSG00000262525, ENSG00000226761 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278111, ENSG00000262525, ENSG00000226761 – Ensembl, May 2017
    2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059382 – Ensembl, May 2017
    3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
    4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
    5. ^ Bufe B, Hofmann T, Krautwurst D, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W (November 2002). "The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides". Nature Genetics. 32 (3): 397–401. doi:10.1038/ng1014. PMID 12379855. S2CID 20426192.
    6. ^ "Entrez Gene: TAS2R46 taste receptor, type 2, member 46".
    7. ^ Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, Brockhoff A, Chudoba E, Bufe B, et al. (February 2010). "The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors". Chemical Senses. 35 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjp092. PMID 20022913.
    8. ^ a b "TAS2R46". GeneCards.
    9. ^ a b c d "hTAS2R46 - Taste receptor type 2 member 46". BitterDB. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
    10. ^ Xu W, Wu L, Liu S, Liu X, Cao X, Zhou C, et al. (September 2022). "Structural basis for strychnine activation of human bitter taste receptor TAS2R46". Science. 377 (6612): 1298–1304. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1298X. doi:10.1126/science.abo1633. PMID 36108005. S2CID 252310278. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1126/science.adf8367, PMID 36413140,  Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.)
    11. ^ Lund TC, Kobs AJ, Kramer A, Nyquist M, Kuroki MT, Osborn J, et al. (2013). "Bone marrow stromal and vascular smooth muscle cells have chemosensory capacity via bitter taste receptor expression". PLOS ONE. 8 (3) e58945. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858945L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058945. PMC 3592821. PMID 23520545.
    12. ^ Schmitz LM, Lang T, Steuer A, Koppelmann L, Di Pizio A, Arnold N, Behrens M (Feb 2025). "Taste-Guided Isolation of Bitter Compounds from the Mushroom Amaropostia stiptica Activates a Subset of Human Bitter Taste Receptors". J Agric Food Chem. 73 (8): 4850–4858. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12651. PMC 11869282. PMID 39945763.
    13. ^ "Inflammatory Bowel Disease 11 (IBD11)". MalaCards-Human disease database. Weizmann Institute of Science.
    14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Sandal M, Behrens M, Brockhoff A, Musiani F, Giorgetti A, Carloni P, Meyerhof W (September 2015). "Evidence for a Transient Additional Ligand Binding Site in the TAS2R46 Bitter Taste Receptor". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 11 (9): 4439–4449. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472. PMID 26575934.
    15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Di Pizio A, Levit A, Slutzki M, Behrens M, Karaman R, Niv MY (2016). "Comparing Class a GPCRS to bitter taste receptors". G Protein-Coupled Receptors - Signaling, Trafficking and Regulation. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 132. pp. 401–427. doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005. ISBN 978-0-12-803595-5. PMID 26928553.
    16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brockhoff A, Behrens M, Niv MY, Meyerhof W (June 2010). "Structural requirements of bitter taste receptor activation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (24): 11110–11115. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10711110B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913862107. PMC 2890741. PMID 20534469.
    17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fierro F, Suku E, Alfonso-Prieto M, Giorgetti A, Cichon S, Carloni P (2017). "Agonist Binding to Chemosensory Receptors: A Systematic Bioinformatics Analysis". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 4: 63. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063. PMC 5592726. PMID 28932739.
    18. ^ a b c d Suku E, Fierro F, Giorgetti A, Alfonso-Prieto M, Carloni P (March 2017). "Multi-scale simulations of membrane proteins: the case of bitter taste receptors". Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.jsamd.2017.03.001. S2CID 56035188.
    19. ^ a b Marchiori A, Capece L, Giorgetti A, Gasparini P, Behrens M, Carloni P, Meyerhof W (2013). "Coarse-grained/molecular mechanics of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor: experimentally-validated detailed structural prediction of agonist binding". PLOS ONE. 8 (5) e64675. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864675M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064675. PMC 3669430. PMID 23741366.

    Further reading

    • Margolskee RF (January 2002). "Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100054200. PMID 11696554.
    • Montmayeur JP, Matsunami H (August 2002). "Receptors for bitter and sweet taste". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 12 (4): 366–371. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00345-8. PMID 12139982. S2CID 37807140.
    • Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook B, Wu D, et al. (February 2003). "Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways". Cell. 112 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0. PMID 12581520. S2CID 718601.
    • Conte C, Ebeling M, Marcuz A, Nef P, Andres-Barquin PJ (2003). "Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 98 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1159/000068546. PMID 12584440. S2CID 1542970.
    • Fischer A, Gilad Y, Man O, Pääbo S (March 2005). "Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 432–436. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi027. PMID 15496549.
    • Go Y, Satta Y, Takenaka O, Takahata N (May 2005). "Lineage-specific loss of function of bitter taste receptor genes in humans and nonhuman primates". Genetics. 170 (1): 313–326. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.037523. PMC 1449719. PMID 15744053.

    This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TAS2R46&oldid=1315356991"